Pestel Analysis For New Type Of Solar Panel Engineering Essay

Pestel Analysis For New Type Of Solar Panel Engineering Essay The motivation behind this report is to research the outside business condition for another kind of sun based board that can be fitted into UK homes to create vitality. The report comprises of three sections. The initial segment of the report gives a presentation into sun powered vitality, the current market size and genuine market contenders. The subsequent part presents the four key patterns acquired utilizing PESTEL examination, distinguishing the elements influencing the beginning up of a business. The third segment reflects upon the future and the hindrances looked by the sun oriented board/innovation industry in the UK. Data utilized in this report was accumulated utilizing internet providers, for example, Google Scholar. All the sites utilized are referenced toward the finish of the report. 1.1 Solar Power and Solar Technology Sun powered vitality was first utilized during the 1860s [1] by Auguste Mouchout, to create ice by changing over sunlight based vitality into mechanical vitality. He later associated a refrigeration machine to this framework to deliver ice. In 1883, Charles Fritz changed over sun oriented vitality into electrical vitality. This was the greatest crossroads throughout the entire existence of sunlight based innovation as researchers had at long last discovered a beam of expectation. Sun oriented vitality kept on creating in the twentieth century. Sun oriented boards were at long last evolved in 1954 at Bell Laboratories utilizing silicon. By 1990, unmistakably non-recharging fuel would run out and it was fundamental elective wellsprings of vitality were improved. In the 21st century, sun powered innovation has improved numerous folds. The change pace of sun powered vitality into electrical vitality in 1954 was 6% [2]. The offices present at the Sandia National Laboratories have a transformation pace of 31.25% [3]. Nebulous Solar Cells Crystalline sun powered PV holds near 85% of the complete piece of the pie, leaving the rest of dainty movies [4]. Which are utilized in a household situation. These can be either mounted on rooftop best in UK or confronting 90 degrees of south. Normal sun based power framework cost  £12000 and per kW of power cost from  £5000  £8000 yet this lessens with time as the framework creates greater power. 1.2 Advantages Creating power utilizing sun powered force gives three fundamental sorts of advantages: it benefits nature, the client and the network. Sun oriented force is viewed as a Green/Clean fuel and recharging. This hinders the impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost and keep the earth clean. The advantages for a local client are: Cutting the vitality bills of the family since electrical vitality is being delivered from a free wellspring of vitality (Sun). When the at first expense of establishment of close planetary system is secured, the family unit will have generally low vitality bills. A normal UK family unit can spare upto  £140 on vitality charges/year [5]. It can gives 24 hour electric flexibly to a families arranged in remote pieces of UK In the event that vitality has been delivered in abundance by a local client by means of the sunlight based vitality framework (SES), at that point it tends to be taken care of go into the national lattice. This advantages the network, lessens the utilization measure of power which must be delivered utilizing non-reestablishment energizes and gives money to the maker. 1.3 Key UK based Market Competitors Different organizations introduce Solar Electric System (SES) for household use. Different non-benefit association, for example, Narec [6], Energy Saving Trust UK [7] and The Solar Energy trust UK, advance and bolster the activities embraced by organizations engaged with the sun based industry. Microgeneration Certification Scheme [8] guarantees that all types of gear and administrations utilized in the establishment of a SES in a residential encompassing is of the best quality and is completely analyzed. http://www.uk-ises.org/ Sun powered Essence Ltd is one of the main organizations which have some expertise in sun oriented force/warming [9]. Sun based Essence is a MCS affirmed installer of photovoltaic frameworks. They were intensely engaged with the crusade which prompted the Climate Change Act 2008. PV Systems built up in 1982[10] is the main supplier for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems in the UK. PV Systems structured and introduced UKs first completely incorporated PV rooftop in Oxford, UK in 1995. From that point forward they have introduced more than 1000 PV Systems. They likewise work intimately with organizations, for example, Sony, Sharp, Mitsubishi and BP Solar; creating and introducing brilliant PV Systems. PV Systems is too a MCS affirmed organization; keeping up the best quality of administrations. Vitality Development Co-employable Ltd is an organization situated in Suffolk, UK since 1997. They spend significant time in giving off-network heavenly bodies by setting up SES in remote areas. They give heavenly bodies to different region committees in UK, Universities (Manchester), the BBC, Intel and a lot increasingly such organizations who are attempting to decrease their vitality bill. We can expect a blast in the Solar Industry in the following decade as progressively residential and modern clients change to green-fuel. Zones of UK, where daylight is accessible in bounty can expect new organizations giving effective elective wellspring of vitality by means of the sun; to begin working in their zones as everybody is a victor in such an endeavor. 1.4 Market Size for Solar Power in the UK Sunlight based vitality can be conceivably be an enormous scope/modest vitality supplier for UK, particularly in the mid year months thus making more vitality free from the East. Over the world, the introducing of PV expanded from 6000 MW in 2008 to 7.3 GW in 2009. UK is relied upon to have a market size of 60MW in 2010. So as to show signs of improvement thought regarding potential market size for sun oriented force in the UK for the following decade, an examination was led by Energy Efficiency Partnership for Homes (EEPH). Here are the subtleties: A strategy ascertaining the utilization of Microgeneration innovation was made for a previous investigation on vitality sources; this technique was utilized by EEPH so as to foresee the conceivable number of new establishments of sun oriented vitality frameworks on yearly bases from 2010 2020. This technique considered the people groups decision for microgeneration advancements. The following are the discoveries of the examination: PV framework is relied upon to have a market of 200,000units/year in 2020; shoppers feel they would profit extraordinarily by means of Feed-in-levy (FIT) and the capital expense to set up PV framework could be secured through FIT. This is a sensible with the improvement in the SES innovation and subsidizing from the administration. In right now, sunlight based high temp water frameworks are the most favored choice(from all the microgeneration advances by and by) by household clients of sun oriented vitality, however are relied upon to decay as different strategies such are sight-seeing technology extemporize. The opposition to sell SES is warming up in the UK. At present, there are three sorts of organizations battling for the top spot. Right off the bat the producers, they are turning out to be an ever increasing number of like wholesalers, subsequently influencing the plan of action of the wholesalers for heavenly bodies. Producers and wholesalers likewise need to battle enormous organizations which have some expertise in introducing heavenly bodies. A value war is relied upon to drag the capital expense down for assembling, introducing and keeping up. This is anyway a great news for the local/mechanical buyers of sun oriented force. 2 External Business Environment Analysis Using PESTEL The PESTEL model is made of 6 sections. Its intended to give help to an individual or a gathering of individuals, settling on a business choices. There are different components, (for example, new laws and economic accords) which can influence an association; PESTEL is utilized to isolate the components influencing a business into 6 distinct classes. The six classifications are: Political elements. Financial components. Social elements. Innovative variables. Natural components. Lawful components. This piece of the report will help recognize 4 key patterns which are destined to influence another business in the field of sun oriented industry. 2.1 Political: Government impact and tasks This piece of the report centers around plans set by the administration and exchange affiliations; bringing about expanded use of recharging fuel, and anticipate the impact of these plans. The administration has two primary objectives towards lessening the discharge of carbon dioxide. They are: By 2020, plan to create 20% of all British electric flexibly through recharging wellsprings of vitality and by 2050 cut the carbon dioxide outflow by 60% for the UK. The current government towards these objectives is appeared in Figure 5. Prior to the administration declaration, in 2005 different exchange affiliations comprising of more than 550 organizations tended to the issue of diminishing carbon dioxide outflow and increment the utilization of restoration fills. By 2025 they expect 25% of UK all out vitality utilization to be created utilizing reestablishment wellsprings of vitality. [11] Figure 5[17] Shows the administration progress towards its 2050 objective Another administration conspire, which will be presented in April 2011[12] is set to declare that one out of 10 UK homes will have a rooftop based SES. This will bring about saying of upto  £900 per year for then family unit. The Scottish Government has a plan advancing and demonstrating awards for anybody utilizing the microgenerator strategy for creating vitality. The legislature are giving upto[13]  £4000, generally 30% of the introducing cost. Over the long haul, an ever increasing number of families will take up having PV on their rooftops as time would likewise begin running out for the objectives set by the legislature. As UK recoups from downturn directly, the youthful age would consider microgeneration to be as an alluring prospect(also the award to take care of the capital expense) as we may experience another downturn in the following ~40 years and being going to diminish your bills in the downturn, significantly assists a family unit. 2.2 Economic: Prices of non-restoration fuel and normal salary This area of this report contains examination of the impact of an expansion in the expense of non recharging fuel and an expansion in vitality bills. It additionally thinks about the elements affecting monetary the choice to put into a microgeneration innovation. A residential family unit in th

Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals

Restorative Testing on Animals A theme that has consistently been near numerous people’s hearts is the one of creature testing. Some accept that it is correct totally, some that it is correct however just in specific situations, and others accept that all creature testing isn't right and will go to phenomenal lengths to stop it. Should creatures be hurt to profit humanity? This is a squeezing question that has been around for at any rate the previous two centuries. As I would like to think, it is ethically obtuse to torment our creatures. Consistently, a great many creatures endure and bite the dust in excruciating tests to decide the security of beauty care products. Substances, for example, eye shadow and cleanser are tried on hares, rodents, guinea pigs, hounds, and different creatures. The entirety of this, regardless of the way that the test outcomes don’t help forestall or treat human sickness or injury. A portion of the tests utilized on creatures are eye irritancy tests, intense harmfulness tests, and skin irritancy tests. For a considerable length of time, creatures have been utilized in these kinds of research. (1) A limited canine holds up in a research facility. Inside the following couple of moments this canine will be forcibly fed or compelled to breathe in tremendous measures of a possibly deadly concoction. This will make the canine regurgitation, endure seizures and inside dying. The pooch won't be anesthetized during this test. Researchers accept that utilizing painkillers will meddle with the exactness of the test outcomes. This isn't a test for restoring malignant growth. This isn't a test for relieving AIDS. This pooch is being tried for a fresh out of the plastic new hair color. Another canine will be tried similarly for toothpaste, another for face powder. This is known as the infamous LD-50 test. The test is finished when half of the guinea pigs bite the dust. The enduring half are murdered, autopsied and dissected to figure out which organs and frameworks were influenced and why they didn't kick the bucket during the test. The Draize test for eye and skin irritancy is similarly s tunning. In the Draize test... Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals Corrective Testing on Animals A point that has consistently been near numerous people’s hearts is the one of creature testing. Some accept that it is correct totally, some that it is correct however just in specific situations, and others accept that all creature testing isn't right and will go to remarkable lengths to stop it. Should creatures be hurt to profit humankind? This is a squeezing question that has been around for at any rate the previous two centuries. As I would like to think, it is ethically uncaring to torment our creatures. Consistently, a great many creatures endure and kick the bucket in difficult tests to decide the security of makeup. Substances, for example, eye shadow and cleanser are tried on hares, rodents, guinea pigs, hounds, and different creatures. The entirety of this, in spite of the way that the test outcomes don’t help forestall or treat human sickness or injury. A portion of the tests utilized on creatures are eye irritancy tests, intense harmfulness tests, and skin irritancy tests. For quite a long time, creatures have been utilized in these sorts of research. (1) A limited canine holds up in a research facility. Inside the following couple of moments this pooch will be forcibly fed or compelled to breathe in immense measures of a possibly deadly concoction. This will make the pooch upchuck, endure seizures and inward dying. The canine won't be anesthetized during this test. Researchers accept that utilizing painkillers will meddle with the precision of the test outcomes. This isn't a test for relieving malignant growth. This isn't a test for relieving AIDS. This pooch is being tried for a fresh out of the plastic new hair color. Another canine will be tried similarly for toothpaste, another for face powder. This is known as the famous LD-50 test. The test is finished when half of the guinea pigs bite the dust. The enduring half are executed, autopsied and examined to figure out which organs and frameworks were influenced and why they didn't bite the dust during the test. The Draize test for eye and skin irritancy is similarly stunning. In the Draize test...

My Second Home

My Second Home Hey guys, This guy tried to guilt-trip me into writing a blog, but yeah, I havent written a blog in too long anyways, so I owe all of you one. :p Truth is, I have not been doing much this semester other than being in lab. You see, I am taking Project Lab, this 30-unit class (normal classes are 12 units at MIT), and I have been spending well over 30 hours every week in my lab, looking at worms, running gels and blots, and checking out the most beautiful girl in the lab (see below). .just kidding. My research deals with the characterization of a novel gene in the aging pathway of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (a roundworm that is only 1 mm in length as an adult so NO, these are not earthworms! i can no longer count how many people have asked me that). C. elegans is known as a model organism, because since its characterization by Brenner in the 70s, we have come to understand much of its genetics well and see how it applies cross-species to higher order organisms. You might not know this (kudos to you if you know what this is as a high schooler!), but RNAi, for example, was first fully characterized in C. elegans, and resulted in the 2006 Nobel Prize in Medicine. This is more commonly known but apoptosis was also one of the biggest discoveries made using C. elegans, and Professor Horvitz of MIT won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine for that discovery (every once in awhile I will see Professor Horvitz at joint lab meetings!). Two Nobel Prizes in five years for a microscop ic worm not bad eh? Not to get into the science too much here, but the basic idea of worm research is because we know that there are so many different genes conserved between mammals and C. elegans, we can use the worm as a model to see what these genes actually do by knocking them out in the worm and observing the resulting phenotype. In very broad terms, this means qualitatively assessing for traits, but also using molecular biology methods to look at resulting protein expression, gene levels, and molecular interactions caused by eliminating the gene. As Project Lab expects a long research paper at the end of the semester, I have been in lab consistently over 30 hours per week running assays and getting results. I used to dislike research because I didnt like how all the trials take so long and they keep on failing, but the biggest lesson that I learned this semester is that once you really come to understand your project, like really understand the work that you do, then most of the research doesnt seem like a chore and you actually start becoming excited about designing new assays and keep pushing towards demonstrating/disproving your research hypothesis. In a sense, I guess I can say that I truly felt like a real scientist this semester, and the fruits of my labor have more than justified all the time that I have been spending in lab (I started keeping a blanket in the cabinet near my desk because I nap on the lab couch so much while waiting for gels to run or blots to transfer :P) But yeah. I want to show you my bench! (I finally upgraded to a full bench this year which Im really happy about :P) The worms live on petri-dishes and feed off E. coli one special thing about C. elegans is that they are so easily to maintain. You basically just need to give them food, keep them at a reasonable temperature, and they feed happily off the bacteria and reproduce like mad (most of the time essentially making copies of themselves). This also enables us to run trials with thousands of worms at a time, which is something that is not possible with mice (can you imagine 1000 mice running amok? I think even the Pied Piper will have a tough time with that). Prospective bio majors you will soon come to know the magic that is Qiagen kits, and Parafilm is honestly up there in my list of Most Amazing Inventions alongside plastic soap boxes for traveling and French fries vending machines. Im seriously considering asking the lab whether I can keep a box of Parafilm with me when I graduate because there are so many amazing uses for it, haha. I really dont understand why they arent selling Parafil m in stationary stores alongside packing tape its seriously just as useful, IF NOT MORE THAN regular packing tape! :P OK, thats enough about Parafilm. (disclaimer: I am not employed by the Pechiney Plastic Packaging Company :p) A Microcentrifuge. Make sure you keep the lid on to reduce to the noise when you spin samples. B Hot plate. This thing is amazing it goes from like 25 C to 200 C in a matter of minutes. I seriously wish I had one in my dorm to cook noodles with :P (ok MIT Facilities Im just kidding!) C Gloves. I wear them, but I quickly notice that none of the postdocs in the lab really ever wear gloves unless working with seriously, seriously toxic compounds. Do your years in the lab make you immune to normal chemicals? o_____o haha D Really awesome microscope that I use to do worm work. Seriously, this microscope is like the Lamborghini of microscopeswhereas the one I used in AP Biology was probably equivalent to a Ford Model T with the wheels falling off, at that. E Vortexer. Gives an adequate lower arm massage when protocol calls for vigorous vortexing. F Pipettes. Every time I think about it I still chuckle when I was a wee froshie, my first lesson in the lab was learning how to use a pipette, and literally practiced by pipeting water from a beaker to another beaker for a good half hour. Now, I pipet easily hundreds of times every day without even registering it. As a biology researcher, not being good at pipetting is like trying to fight without knowing how to hold the sword properly hence the pipet is also jokingly known as the biologists sword (youve got to see last years Biology Halloween party, where a pirate with a sword faced off against a lab nerd wielding a pipette :P it was a formidable match.) G Chemicals. Bottles and bottles of chemicals that I seem to be constantly making. Sometimes I really look up and wonder who figured out that you need to add MgCl2 when you make worm growth media, or that TBST can be used to wash nitrocellulose membranes (where did those membranes come from, anyway?). Theres also a bottle of CHOLESTEROL IN SOLUTION on that shelf. Does drinking from the bottle directly give one an immediate heart attack? ;) H My desk!!! Yayy after so many semesters of working in lab I finally feel legit to have my own space now in a corner of MITs campus. You can see Fuzzy, my laptop, which had always been faithfully with me through the trials and adversities of MIT. Shes getting pretty old though, and the internal keyboard and trackpad no longer work hence the new peripheral parts, sadly. Even computers get worn out by the labors of MIT :) I Eppendorf tube and conical holders. We joke that theyre always brightly colored (check out the neon red, neon orange, and neon green holders on my bench) to make labwork a bit less depressing when its 2 in the morning, and you still have more than 100 PCR reactions to run. :P My results for the lab class are due November 9 (less than two weeks from now!) so Ive been putting in a ton of extra work into lab to start wrapping up loose ends. A few days ago, I was counting worms under the microscope for an assay that I was doing, and after 3 hours I had counted the equivalent of almost three thousand worms manually by physically removing them from the plate (not estimation!) Yup thats my last six weeks in a nutshell. :) ps. All jokes aside, working in a lab is awesome at MIT. There are very few institutions that will give undergraduates such full access to wet lab work, and what I am doing is conceptually on the same footing as any work done by the graduate students and postdocs in my lab. Yes, I may run less trials and progress at a slower speed because Im still a student and I have to go to lecture, do my problem sets, and take exams, but at the end of the day, my results are still taken seriously by the other members of my lab, and Im not just a random clueless undergrad who is simply in charge of washing beakers and pouring plates. I really appreciate how MIT professors and researchers view undergraduates as an integral part of the research team, even though we are decades younger than they are in most circumstances. I have always thought that pure molecular research is not necessarily the right future career path for me, but I cant help falling in love with the excitement of obtaining a critica l result at midnight after several days of running experiments. It gives me an adrenaline rush like no other. :P (even if you dont take a lab class, most MIT students work in the lab through the UROP Program, which pays students to work in MIT laboratories (at least at the base rate of $9.25 per hour) its a win-win situation: laboratory work teaches students many vital skills not covered in normal biology lab class (I didnt know how to use a flourimeter or how to cultivate large populations of worms and perform assays until I joined a research lab), the labs get extra manpower, and the students get fed very comfortably through the pay (several of my friends make upwards of thousands of dollars per semester just by working in lab). I have yet to see a university that is so supportive of undergraduate research as MIT honestly, MIT realized long ago that instead of telling you and belaboring the peculiarities of Western Blotting to you in somnolent lecture halls, you should just go and run a Western for yourself, and you will fill in the gaps along the way. It always comes down to our motto Men s and Manus and I cant agree with this aspect more :P) pps. Since I look at thousands of worms every day, the first thing I thought of for Halloween was C. elegans -______- (Im very nerdy, I know) but I quickly dismissed that thought because how does one dress up as a featureless, semi-transparent, microscopic worm? :( haha. Why didnt I work with Drosophila?! HAHA that would be a sweet costume ;)

Cognitive Learning - Educational Psychology - 1074 Words

Abstract Cognitive psychology has long been an integral part of psychology. It has a direct impact on how educator’s look to improve the teaching and learning process. (Huitt 2006) Much research is done on how we process information. There have been numerous models created to help illustrate this process. Metacognition is also important to educators in it allows a learner to judge how well they are learning a particular subject. There are many ways that we process information. Theorists have developed models of information processing. These models are a cornerstone for education. They provide teachers with understanding of how their students retain the subject matter they are being taught. Metacognition is also important in†¦show more content†¦Such as making up a sentence or word using the first letters of the words in a list, i.e. Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) or HOMES (Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, L ake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior). A teacher should always review previous lesson to ensure that the students are processing the information. This can be done by incorporating information from previous lessons in new lessons or repeating important information in a variety of ways. (Huitt 2003) Metacognition is described by David Meichenbaum and his colleagues â€Å"as people’s awareness of their own cognitive machinery and how the machinery works.† (Woolfolk 2007) This can also be defined as â€Å"knowledge about knowing and learning.† (Woolfolk 2007) Metacognition is the application of the three types of knowledge discussed previously: declarative, procedural, and conditional. There are three skills that are used in metacognition: planning, monitoring, and evaluating. Planning determines how much time will be spent on a task, what methods to use, what resources are needed, organization, what needs focused attention, etc. Monitoring is checking wi th yourself to see how you are doing. Ask yourself if it makes sense or have I studied enough. Evaluating is a judgment of the outcome. Metacognition is usually not required for tasks that are routine, but is very helpful when tasks areShow MoreRelatedEssay on Educational Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pagespopular areas of psychology is Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology can be explained several ways. The idea is to study theories and concepts from different parts of psychology and apply them in educational settings. These educational settings may occur in different school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student-teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental,Read MoreMy Paper On Is Educational Psychology1545 Words   |  7 Pages The topic pertinent to psychology that i chose to do my paper on is educational psychology. Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge, primarily in educational settings like classrooms. This branch not only involves just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence but it also involves the social, emotional, and cognitive learning processes that are involved in humans throughout their entire lifespan. Educational psychology combines numerous amountsRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. 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One recent study exploring the effects of television viewing on cognitive performance of college students found thatRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Psychology And Psychology980 Words   |  4 Pages A Cognitive Psychology 1064 Words 5 Pages Cognitive psychology began around 19th century. Different approaches have been used to trace the roots of psychology. It is also known that cognitive psychology was out numbered by behaviorism but later revived, bringing into being cognitive revolution. The paper discusses cognitive revolution in the history of cognitive psychology as the most influential part in the practice of modern psychology. Introduction A scientific branch of psychology that is

Nursing Management of a Complex Multi-System Disorder Essay

There are many multi-system diseases that affect numerous lives every day. One of those, known as preeclampsia, affects women who are pregnant. Because this disease can lead to death if not treated, nurses play a pivotal role in assessing, managing, and educating women with this disease. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder; however, the actual cause of the disease is unknown. Because this condition begins at conception, it is believed that the placenta plays an important role in causing preeclampsia. In women without preeclampsia, the spiral arteries in the placenta remodel to allow sufficient oxygen and blood flow to the fetus. In preeclamptic women, the remodeling of the spiral arteries does not take place, resulting in narrow†¦show more content†¦They are using microarray to assist in this investigation. Researchers have a goal to determine which genes are likely to be implicated in the development of preeclampsia in order to treat this condition on an individua lized basis. It is of the utmost importance for women who are at risk for preeclampsia to make efforts to prevent this complication. More importantly than women preventing this disease, nurses must carefully monitor and identify those who are at risk. Some preventive implications for preeclampsia that have been investigated are the use of low-dose aspirin, antioxidants, fish oil, and calcium supplements. Aspirin is used in an effort to prevent preeclampsia due to its ability to correct a disproportion of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin. However, â€Å"a large double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in the United States enrolled 2539 women and found that low-dose aspirin did not significantly reduce the incidence of preeclampsia† (Townsend Drummond, 2011, p. 247). Currently, aspirin is not recommended by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists who are at low risk for this condition. Because hypocalciuria has been found in women with p reeclampsia, calcium supplements have been considered a preventative method. However, no study has proven the benefit of calcium supplements. Therefore, they are not recommended. Antioxidants were also investigated as a way to prevent preeclampsia because oxidativeShow MoreRelatedHealth Organization Case Study: Unitedhealth Group Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesto match their own personal needs, preferences and budget. The health care system is most often complex, inconsistent and costly. To maintain and improve the business, healthcare organizations are continuously innovative and evolving to meet the demands of consumers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a case study of UnitedHealthcare Group, what they are about, their network and resource management, their view on nursing and how they satisfy their patients. 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My View on Sporting Event Free Essays

Popular events like the football world cup and other international sporting occasions are essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? In present days,more and more countries are putting big sporting events into national agenda due to a sporting explosion and their increasingly attentions towards multinational sports occupations. Meantime,issues are highly debated on whether such international sporting activities can ease the intensive atmospheres between competitive countries or not. We will write a custom essay sample on My View on Sporting Event or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personally, I really appreciate the former idea for several reasons. In general,popular sporting events contribute to harmonious relationships between the participated nations. To start with,communications between nations during the games enable them to be closer to others. Participation in the events promotes the development of friendshios and recongnition,which are acquired by sharing the exciting moments and cooperating with each other. Moreover,every joining country is likely to concentrate on the game during the competiton,which ,as a result,tend to pay less attention to deal with his enemies in the fields of politics or economy. It is true that countries can afford no distraction to pose threats to the security of other countries during the game. Admittedly,sporting events may not function well to shoulder the responsibility for eliminating the contradiction between countries. The reason for this is that such events can make competitions even more intensive than before,provided that one country win another,which is coincidently its enemy. Obviously,the situation tends to be counterproductive,let alone the expectation of an improvement. Even so,it is unusual that such sort of thing happens frequently,as the game launched internationly is seen as a profile of promoting team spirit and paticipation. In summary,I would concede that the sporting events cause worse problems in some cases. Despite that,they play pivotal roles in cooling strained emotions safely. Overall,I am convinced that more and more countries should join in the events. How to cite My View on Sporting Event, Papers

Impact and Legacy of Fur Trade in Canada

Question: Discuss about the Impact and Legacy of Fur Trade in Canada. Answer: Introduction Canada was mainly the land of the aboriginal people. The history of Canada is occupied with the racial discrimination and suppression of the aboriginal culture, traditions and values. Some of the historical events weakened the life and identity of Aboriginal people. Canada is now known for the great variety of culture, ethnicity, religions and races. Canada is the place with cultural diversity and the great history of Fur trade. According to the some scholars,, Fur trade was started in North America in 1530s. Fur trade played the main role in forming contact between the Europeans and native North Americans or the people from Canada. The people in North America lived the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and played a significant role in initiation of the fur trade in Canada. This paper will discuss the legacy and impact of Fur Trade in Canada. History of Fur Trade The people in North America were mainly called as the aboriginal people or Indians. The economy of Canada could not be considered as the capitalist economy in the ancient time. Aboriginal people, who acquired the Northern part of America, lived a simple life and were mainly dependent on hunting for their food. Other than hunting, people were dependent on seasonal grains and food resources. The foremost historians of Canada consider Fur Trade in Canada as the change that brought significant changes in the social, political and economic history of Canada (Innis, 1999). The social change was brought by the cultural exchange that took place among the Europeans and native aboriginal people. The economic changes and the economic history is associated with the development of the West by the European colonization. The political history is associated with American Revolution (Innis, 1999). The contact of the Indians with the Europeans played a significant role in the development of the Fur trade. The first contact was established at the banks of St. Lawrence River for the fishing industry. It was a long voyage from Europe to America in small sailing boats and large crews (Carlos, Lewis, 2012). Thus, Europeans found that trading in commodity can be very beneficial that can also bring immediate returns. The first best commodity was the Codfish, which was available in large quantity and also had a ready market in Europe (Innis, 1999). The native people of North America were mainly dependent on hunting for food as well as for clothing. The early exchange or the trade with Europeans initiated with the exchange of the fur of small animals like mink and beaver in exchange of knives and other metal based products. The Europeans were attracted towards the well worn pelt of the natives. Some of the earlier demands were for the pelt of beaver, sea otter and occasionally the bear, deer and skunk. In the 16th century wearing a beaver hat came into fashion and this increased the demand of the fur. This brought the revolutionary change in the fur trade industry. The part of America from where the trading was done was also called as the New Found Land and this land has many things that grabbed the attention of Europeans (Carlos, Lewis, 2012). The high quality pelts were only available in the season of winters, because the coat was thick. Such coat could only be received from the place where winters are very severe. So, the fur trade predominantly started from the region, which is now known as Canada. Thus, the credit of current position of Canada could also be given to its geographical location that promoted fur trade (Andersen, 2008). The early Europeans and traders recognized that there is abundance of fur bearing animals in North America and thus, their lust for more profit increased. The native people had the skills to trap the animals and collect fur from the, Thus, they used to collect fur in winters and kept them until the Europeans came in the season of spring (Dolin, 2011). Impact of Fur Trade in Canada The dependence of the natives on the fur trade increased over time. They were dependent on fur trade to receive European food, arms and ammunition. They had no time to hunt for their own food, as they were mainly hunting for the purpose of collecting fur. This in turn changed the economy of Canada. The economy, which was earlier dependent on the shared food, they now had the new economic system. This system was based on the individual profit gained through fur trade (Carlos Lewis, 2008). With the increase in the demand of the beaver fur, this was fur was started to be exported through agents in French, Dutch and English colonies. Fur trade became one of the most significant economic ventures for Canada. Fur trade became the primary source of income for the North Americans and economy of Canada changed. The impact of fur trade was also seen in the social changes that were taking place. The French people, who came for trade in the native lands, took the native wives and a mixed breed was evolved (Metis people) (Andersen, 2008);(Rude Deiter, 2004). Also in the need of more fur, the communal hunting grounds were divided and the beginning of the territorial ownership started in native Indian communities (Carlos Lewis, 2008). With the fur trade the number of animals also declined. Earlier native people only hunted for food, but now they were hunting to get more and more fur. This is because more fur will bring more money. Thus, the population of beaver was decimated. Another major change brought by the fur trade was the entrance of black robes in Canada (Dewar, 2012). These were the Catholic missionaries, which were mainly Jesuits, who came to change the religion of the native people and thus, Christianity was introduced. Many new diseases and the use of alcohol were introduced in the native communities through European people, which significantly demoralized the native cultural values (Pomfret, 2013). However, by the 1800s the changing fashion trends in Europe, collapsed the fur trade and brought great reduction in the fur prices. The fur companies, which were established, had failed to continue their progress. The native people and native communities had been lead towards poverty and they also lost thei r political influence, which they once had (Krech III, 2008). In the modern time also the fur industry went through great depression by the recession of the year 2008. The recession brought downfall in the rate of expensive fur coats and hats. Conclusion Fur trade in Canada brought significant cultural, social and economical changes in the Canada. Canada was the part of North America. The land was acquired by the native aboriginal population, also called as Indians. Aboriginal people were mainly dependent on hunting and seasonal grains for their food. When Europeans came to North America they started the exchange of guns, metal and iron products in exchange of fur. The market of fur was very high in Europe. The traditional and social structure of the native communities was enhanced. But, introduction of the guns in North America increased the power struggle among the chiefs. Some of the other negative impacts of fur trade were that many diseases were introduced in the native communities, which significantly brought great decline in the native population. Outbreak of many diseases can be traced through the route of fur trading. The communities were divided and struggle among people increased. The racial discrimination towards aborigin al people also increased. Fur trade brought many challenging changes in Canada. However, the major positive change was brought in the position of women and their entrance in the jobs. References Andersen, C. (2008). From nation to population: the racialisation of Mtis in the Canadian census.Nations and Nationalism,14(2), 347-368. Carlos, A. M., Lewis, F. D. (2012). Exchange among Native Americans and Europeans before 1800 Strategies and Interactions. Carlos, A., Lewis, F. (2008). The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870.EH. Net Encyclopedia, Robert Whaples ed. March,16. Dewar, D. P. (2012). Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (review).Journal of World History,23(3), 699-702. Dolin, E. J. (2011). Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (review).Register of the Kentucky Historical Society,109(1), 81-83. Innis, H. A. (1999).The fur trade in Canada: An introduction to Canadian economic history. University of Toronto Press. Krech III, S. (Ed.). (2008).Indians, animals, and the fur trade: A critique of keepers of the game. University of Georgia Press. Pomfret, R. (2013).The economic development of Canada. Routledge. Rude, D., Deiter, C. (2004).From the Fur Trade to Free Trade: Forestry and First Nations Women in Canada. Status of Women Canada.

The Molecule Essays - DNA, Genetics, Nucleic Acids,

The Molecule In the autumn of 1951, James Watson (left) and Francis Crick (right) started work on unravelling the structure of DNA. It was known at the time that DNA was present in the nucleus of every living cell, and that it had something to do with heridity, but without a knowledge of its structure little more could be understood about how it actually worked. They approached the problem with the same methodology that had been pioneered by Linus Pauling, who after years of exhaustive study had earlier discovered that many proteins exhibited a helical structure. Their task was to devise a structure which would account for all the chemical and X-ray evidence, and at the same time be consistent with all the structural features of the units involved - such as the size and shape, bond angles and lengths, configurations and conformations. X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA fibres taken by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins showed a distinctive X-shape, which was characteristic of a helix structu re, but strong arcs on the meridian indicated a repeating structure 3.4 ? apart. And from the chemical evidence, it was known that part of the structure was comprised of 4 heterocyclic bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), somehow linked together with sugar units and phosphates. One of the biggest puzzles was that although the proportion of these bases varied from one DNA to another, it was always found that the number of A = T, and G = C. Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine The 4 bases which make up DNA (Click on each image to get its 3D molfile). Using molecular models, Watson and Crick devised a structure in which all of the building blocks fitted together without crowding or overlapping, and which permitted a great deal of stabilisation by Hydrogen bonds. Moreover, these Hydrogen bonds were of the kind that Pauling had shown to be the strongest and therefore the most important for determining structure in proteins, namely N-H-N or N-H-O. In April 1953 Watson and Crick published their structure - the now famous double helix. This brilliant accomplishment ranks as one of the most significant discoveries in science because it led the way to an understanding of genetics in terms of the molecules involved. In 1962 they received the Nobel prize for Medicine in recognition of this achievement, along with Maurice Wilkins of Kings College London who had performed the initial X-ray crystallography studies. A very small section of DNA showing the double helix structure linked by bases, like the rungs on a twisted ladder. (Click here or on the image to get 3D structure in Molfile format). (Click here to get an interactive 3D structure in pdb format - requires Chime). Bases, Nucleotides and Nucleosides In every living cell there are found nucleoproteins - substances made up of proteins combined with natural polymers, the nucleic acids. Where the backbone of a protein molecule is a polyamide (or polypeptide) chain, the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule is a polyester chain (called a polynucleotide chain). The ester is derived from phosphoric acid (the acid portion) and a sugar (the alcohol portion). Polynucleotide chain The sugar is D-ribose, which is in the group of nucleic acids called ribonucleic acids (RNA), and D-2-deoxyribose forms the basis of DNA. The 2-deoxy simply indicates the lack of an -OH group at the 2 position. Thus DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Attached to the carbon at one side of the sugar is one of the 4 bases, A, C, G, or T. The base-sugar unit is called a nucleoside. Attached to the other side of the sugar is a phosphoric acid unit, linking the nucleoside to the neighbouring sugar. The base-sugar-phosphoric acid unit is called a nucleotide. Adenosine, a nucleotide containing adenine (red), deoxyribose (black) and phosphoric acid (blue). The 3D molfiles of all of the 4 nucleotides can be obtained here: A, C, G, T. Two of these polynucleotide chains, which can be many millions of nucleotides long, then wrap around one another to form the double helix structure, with every A group H-bonding to the T group on the adjacent chain (see here for A-T molfile), and every G group H-bonding to its matching C group (see here for G-C molfile). DNA - the source of

Pythagoras of Samos Biography

Pythagoras of Samos Biography Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician and philosopher, is best known for his work developing and proving the theorem of geometry that bears his name. Most students remember it as follows: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Its written as: a 2 b2 c2. Early Life Pythagoras was born on the island of Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor (what is now mostly Turkey), about 569 BCE. Not much is known of his early life. There is evidence that he was well educated, and learned to read and play the lyre. As a youth, he may have visited Miletus in his late teenage years to study with the philosopher Thales, who was a very old man, Thaless student, Anaximander was giving lectures on Miletus and quite possibly, Pythagoras attended these lectures. Anaximander took a great interest in geometry and cosmology, which influenced the young Pythagoras. Odyssey to Egypt The next phase of Pythagorass life is a bit confusing. He went to Egypt for some time and visited, or at least tried to visit, many of the temples. When he visited Diospolis, he was accepted into the priesthood after completing the rites necessary for admission. There, he continued his education, especially in mathematics and geometry. From Egypt in Chains Ten years after Pythagoras arrived in Egypt, relations with Samos fell apart. During their war, Egypt lost and Pythagoras was taken as a prisoner to Babylon. He wasnt  treated as a prisoner of war as we would consider it today. Instead, he continued his education in mathematics and music and delved into the teachings of the priests, learning their sacred rites. He became extremely proficient in his studies of mathematics and sciences as taught by the Babylonians. A Return Home Followed by Departure Pythagoras eventually returned to Samos, then went to Crete to study their legal system for a short time. In Samos, he founded a school called the Semicircle. In  about 518 BCE, he  founded another school in Croton (now known as Crotone, in southern Italy). With Pythagoras at the head, Croton maintained an inner circle of followers known as mathematikoi (priests of mathematics). These mathematikoi lived permanently within the society, were allowed no personal possessions and were strict vegetarians. They received training only from Pythagoras, following very strict rules.  The next layer of the society was called the akousmatics. They lived in their own houses and only came to the society during the day.  The society contained both men and women.   The Pythagoreans were a highly secretive group, keeping their work out of public discourse. Their interests lay not just in math and natural philosophy, but also in metaphysics and religion. He and his inner circle believed that souls migrated after death into the bodies of other beings. They thought that animals could contain human souls. As a result, they saw eating animals as cannibalism.   Contributions Most scholars know that Pythagoras and his followers didnt study mathematics for the same reasons as people do today. For them, numbers had a spiritual meaning. Pythagoras taught that all things are numbers and saw mathematical relationships in nature, art, and music. There are a number of theorems attributed to Pythagoras, or at least to his society, but the most famous one,  the Pythagorean theorem, may not be entirely his invention. Apparently, the Babylonians had realized the relationships between the sides of a right triangle more than a thousand years before Pythagoras learned about it. However, he spent a great deal of time working on a proof of the theorem.   Besides his contributions to mathematics, Pythagorass work was essential to astronomy. He felt the sphere was the perfect shape. He also realized the orbit of the Moon was inclined to Earths equator, and deduced that the evening star (Venus) was the same as the morning star. His work influenced later astronomers such as Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler (who formulated the laws of planetary motion). Final Flight   During the later years of the society, it came into conflict with supporters of democracy. Pythagoras denounced the idea, which resulted in attacks against his group. Around 508 BCE, Cylon, a Croton noble attacked the Pythagorean Society and vowed to destroy it. He and his followers persecuted the group, and Pythagoras fled to Metapontum. Some accounts claim that he committed suicide. Others say that Pythagoras returned to Croton a short time later since the society was not wiped out and continued for some years. Pythagoras may have lived at least beyond 480 BCE, possibly to age 100. There are conflicting reports of both his birth and death dates. Some sources think he was born in 570 BCE and died in 490 BCE.   Pythagoras Fast Facts Born: ~569 BCE on SamosDied: ~475 BCEParents: Mnesarchus (father), Pythias (mother)Education:   Thales, AnaximanderKey Accomplishments:  first mathematician Sources Britannica: Pythagoras-Greek Philosopher and MathematicianUniversity of St. Matthews: Pythagoras BiographyWikipedia Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Global marketing 'ensure' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global marketing 'ensure' - Essay Example It has concentrated in making the product available for those in the Saudi Arabian market that are lactose intolerant. The guiding principles towards ensure innovation are development of a wide range of formats and filter types that satisfy multiple requirements. Additionally, the innovative advancement in relation to ensure adopts the use of chromatography technologies and pall membrane technologies that offer micro filtered milk products that have longer shelf lives and fresher taste, functional ingredient so high value and milk concentrates. Due to the use of these technologies, the Saudi Arabian market will continue to maintain loyalty to the product and have trust in its quality. The relative advantage of ensure examines the degree to which it will be advantageous in the new Saudi Arabian market compared to the existing or competing brands. The rate to which Ensure milk product will be adopted in the Saudi Arabian market will depend on this relative advantage. The use of innovation as a product development priority is one of the things that will make the milk product gain relative advantage in the Saudi Arabian market. The Saudi Arabian market perception of the product as quality one due to application of latest technologies will help in shaking off competition. If the customers are able to see certain attributes in ensure milk that are seemingly better than in its competitors, they will embrace Ensure nutrition milk. The rate of adoption will be directly proportional to the increase in relative advantage. Additionally, the innovative aspect has a bearing on price (Latham, 2006). On one side, it helps Abbott in its competitive pricing. Increasing the prices or lengthy time taken in learning how deal with the product will affect the product’s adoption rate negatively. The Saudi Arabian market perception of the product as an innovative on is directly related to the level of compatibility

Probation Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Probation Process - Essay Example Presentencing Investigation report is a core source of information used by judges when sentencing. It provides information on personal history as well as criminal conduct of the defendant. This ensures that judges give individualized sentence. Moreover, the report contains information such as the age of defendant, which helps the judge decide on the appropriate sentence. Furthermore, the report helps the judge to decide if the defendant should serve jail term and the appropriate kind of correction facility to send the defendant (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2008). The factors considered in the report include the prior criminal convictions, account of the offense, work history as well vocational information of the defendant, marital and financial status of defendant, educational background, defendant and victim’s statements, sentencing guidelines and sentencing recommendations. Additional factors considered include the medical, psychiatric, or psychological history of the defendant and the explanation of harm suffered by victim. Another factor considered in the report is the defendant’s probable adjustment in community (Clear, Cole, & Reisig,

Microsoft Visual Basic Programming Language Computer Science Essay

Microsoft Visual Basic Programming Language Computer Science Essay Microsoft Visual Basic is a programming language is which is easier and simpler to use than other programming languages for example Java, Programming in C, programming in C++. Visual basic is an ideal language for developing Windows-based, Database and Internet applications. Windows-based applications are event driven and they need good graphical user interface (GUI) support. Internet applications require web page programming support. Visual Basic provides a scripting language called VBScript to help you control and make your web pages interactive. Visual Basic can also be used to access database created using database management software (DBMS) such as Access 2000, SQL Server 7.5 and FoxPro. Visual Basic also supports both traditional procedure-oriented programming and the newer object-oriented programming (OOP). Visual Basic is one of the members of a group of software called Visual Studio. The other members of this group are Visual Studio Tools, Visual C++, Visual J++, Visual FoxPro and Visual InterDev. There are four versions of Visual Basicà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Working Model, Learning Edition, Professional Edition and Enterprise Edition. The Visual Basic environment is where users can create and test their projects. The Visual Basic environment consists of several windows such as: The Title bar- displays the projects name(Project1). The default project name is Project1. Subsequent projects are named Project2, Project3, etc. Besides the project name, the title bar also contains several icons. The buttons on to the right are the standard windows buttons that can use to minimize, restore or close the window. Menu Bar- has the usual menu items such as File, Edit, View, Project, Run and Tools. Tool Bar- contains several icons, each of which represents a command. These icons provide a shortcut to the most frequently used commands. Toolbox- Located at the left hand side of the of the main window, contains a set of icons, each of which represent control object or just control. Form window- The window at the center of the main screen is the Form window. This is where the user can design their application. When the user begins a project, Visual Basic gives a new form with the default form named Form1. These are the few items and tool featured in a Visual Basic environment. Question 1 Write a program to produce the following output: Main Menu For Loop While Loop Select your Choice: 1 Using For Loop to Display the pattern 1 22 333 Do you want to continue(Y/N)? Y Main Menu For Loop While Loop Select your Choice: 2 Using while Loop to Display the pattern 1 22 333 Do you want to continue(Y/N)? N Press any key to continue Output For Question 1 Module Module1 Sub Main() Dim i, j As Int32 Do Dim a As Integer Console.WriteLine(Main Menu) Console.WriteLine(1-For Loop) Console.WriteLine(2-While Loop) Console.WriteLine(Select Your Choice) a = Console.ReadLine() If a = 1 Then Dim k As Int32 = 1 Console.WriteLine(Using For Loop to Display the pattern) For i = 1 To 3 Console.WriteLine() For j = 1 To i Console.Write(k.ToString) Next j k += 1 Next i Dim b As Char Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf) Console.WriteLine(Do You Want To Continue (Y/N)?) b = Console.ReadLine() If (b = Y) Then Else End End If ElseIf (a = 2) Then Console.WriteLine(Using While Loop to Display the pattern) Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf) Dim counter As Integer = 1 While counter Console.WriteLine(StrDup(counter, CChar(counter.ToString))) counter += 1 End While Dim b As Char Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf) Console.WriteLine(Do You Want To Continue (Y/N)?) b = Console.ReadLine() If (b = N) Then End End If Else Console.WriteLine(Please key 1/2) End If Loop End Sub End Module Source Code For Question For the first question was done using if else statements to determine wheter to print out for loop or while loop by assigning conditions, for example a=1 for for loop and a=2 for while loop. The variable a is set with Dim As Integer meaning as assigned with 1 and 2. The for and while loop codes are above whitin the codition. For the Looping of the statement was done by using Do loop, that the Menu can loop again. Using Console.WriteLine to print the output and using Console.ReadLine for input, Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf) for new line. Dim Char is to represent a single character in this case either using Y or N option to continue with the program. Dim Integer to represent number without decimal place. Question 2 The numbers of calories burned per hour cycling, jogging, and swimming are 200, 475, and 275, respectively. A person loses 1 pound of weight for each 3500 calories burned. Write a program that allows the user to input the number of hours spent at each activity and then calculates the number of pounds worked off. The Output For Question 2 The following image above is my output for question 2. This was done using Microsoft Visual.NET 2003. Briefly explaining the element used to create this was Label, text, Radiobuttons and a button. So this was to test the number of hours that the user has done using the following 3 choices above. So after the selection of one of the radiobuttons the output will be displayed in pounds, as where the number of pounds shed by the user. The following interaction was done by the button. The codes are set in the button so when the user click the result is displayed. For more detailed explanation of the code is below. The codes for the button for Question 2 Using Dim as Double enables the user to have decimal places compared to integer/ Using 3 variables a, b, and c respectively to represent each of following hours cycling, jogging and swimming. Using the if statements to achieve the result for the corresponding activities for each. The raddiobuttons are the following activities that represents cycling, jogging and swimming. The value of each is multiplied by the value given by the question as 200,475 and 275 and then each of them are divide by the number of calories which is 3500. Conclusion A Visual Basic application or project typically requires some input, processing and output. For interaction with the user the project will typically use several controls such as forms, text and picture boxes, labels and command buttons. Using these control, the user can control the program execution. Planning a Visual Basic project basically involves the following steps: Plan the project. This involves determining what to do. Designing the User Interface. The interface is the most visible part of the project. It is used to interact with the system. The user can determine the controls ( e.g., command buttons, text boxes, labels) that are needed to enter data (input), to display results of computation (output), and to control the program execution (processing). Set the properties of the controls. Determine the controls that the user will need or their project and set the properties (e.g., appearance, name, caption, color) for each of the controls used. Write the code (program). The code represents the action that must take when the user clicks on a Command button. Clicking a Command button is called an event and the code represents a response to that event Test and debug the code. This is done to ensure that the program works correctly These steps help the user to analyze first, plan using draft and then apply his information gathered into motion. These steps are a require that every programmer must do in order to achieve full satisfaction of their program.

Psychodynamic Theories Essay

As a group over the last few weeks we have been dicussing has a group the 3 main theories of counselling and after careful deliberation ive chosen to do my presentation on the psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamics is the theory and systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behaviour. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious and unconscious motivation . Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a theory of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patient’s consciousness; generally, one conflict is subconscious . Psychodynamics was initially developed by Sigmund Freud ,Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. By the mid 1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the â€Å"psychodynamic theory† had been well established. When talking about Psychodynamic theory the first name that pops into most peoples heads is Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was Born in Austria on May 6, 1856, Sigmund Freud theorized and practiced neuropsychology, studying first hysteria and then sexuality. A highly controversial intellectual figure of the 20th century, he studied dreams, defined what he called the Oedipus complex and laid out three stages of infantile sexual development . He remains one of the most influential figures in today’s world. His name alone symbolizes the importance of his theories, and the name that comes to most people’s heads when saying the word psychology is Sigmund Freud. Freud was a psychodynamic psychologist and that came from Freud’s view on the mind is in the shape of an iceberg. He believes that mankind’s mind works in the unconscious. Every choice that mankind makes he is aware of, but maybe the consequences of our action might be unknown. The Structure of Personality which is another interesting part of Freud’s theory basically states that we have an ID, a Superego and an Ego. The ID is a biological reservoir of urges and impulses that need to be gratified. He says the ID does not have a conscious , it acts on instinct and it seeks out gratification and pleasure. It is the pleasure principle. The Superego is the Morality Principle, and the Superego knows the difference between right and wrong. The Superego is a bunch of learned internalized morals and values of society. This is  basically the thing that keeps the ID in check. Freud said that Superego is our conscious, and that the Superego is the most powerful tool (guilt and pride). Last but not least is the Ego, which is the reality principle. The Ego finds socially acceptable ways to satisfy the ID. It finds the balance between the ID and reality. The functions of the Ego is to find a compromise between the ID and the Superego. The Ego must also learn to deal with anxiety, and it also helps to boost the self-esteem. Without the Ego there would be no mental health. After researching Freud’s theory of the Structure of Personality I feel we have different parts of our behavior that we can control and that we are conscious about and there are other behaviors that come directly from our unconscious . Our ego lies to us, denies, falsifies, and distorts reality which in turn causes us to create what Freud likes to call the seven defense mechanisms. The first of the seven defense mechanisms is Repression. Repression pushes the problem to the subconscious. It is the exclusion of impulses and thoughts from the conscious mind. Next comes Denial, and denial is the cutting of the conscious mind from external threats. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 3 An example of this would be when you are walking in the mall with your girlfriend and a beautiful woman walks by and you look but when your girlfriend asks you say, â€Å"I wasn’t looking at her. † Next there is a defense mechanism called Sublimation which is the changing of bad behavior and impulses into socially acceptable behavior and impulses. One example of this could be playing football for a scholarship in order to go to college. Another defense mechanism is Reaction Formation which is a development of behavior opposite of that which brings you anxiety . The next mechanism is called Projection whichis when the unconscious attribution of your thoughts and feelings is brought onto others. Finding flaws in others is a good example of Projection. Displacement is the next defense mechanism, and this is when an urge is placed onto another object. Taking out anger onto others when you really should be mad at yourself. Last but not least is the defense mechanism of Rationalization which is giving a good reason in place of the true reason. Another well known psychologist which is actually a student of Freuds’ is Carl Jung who is also a psychodynamic psychologist, Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland and he went a little deeper than Freud did in his theories and he challenges some of his ideas. One is that Jung’s iceberg is right side up and at the top of the iceberg is the ego, and the level underneath that is the personal unconscious, and the final level of the iceberg is finally the collective unconscious which is almost the exact opposites of Freud’s. What I mean by deeper is that he feels that man is not just sexual but spiritual as well. He says that the major difference in man is based on the Libido which is your sex drive. As you can see Jung has a much broader level of human interest. Jung theories are strongly based on Darwin’s theory of Evolution. Jung thinks we evolved behaviorally which has allowed us to prosper and move forward in order to keep up with society. The next part of Carl Jung’s theory is the Archetypal Complex, which are common ways of dealing with the world. In other words it’s a genetically transmitted response strategy. It ensures survival. There are two examples of Archetypal Complexes and they are the enemy archetype and the social archetype. . There are examples in everyday life when a person does not know what something is they immediately show some sort of aggression or frustration which proves they are afraid of what is different or what they do not really know or understand. The social archetype basically means strength in numbers. Also the social archetype is what we look to for support and look to interact and socialize with. The response strategy is to develop a need to conform. With the whole idea of Archetypal Complexes different people use different ways to deal with the world’s problems, and enemy archetype could not be more precise about mankind being threatened by something that is different. The next part of Jung’s theory is the idea of Individuation which is the integration of our conscious perceptions of the outside world with our unconscious archetypal experiences. Polarities, which are opposite extremes, which ties in the Principle of entropy which, is a state of disorder and a randomness of energy. The last thing Jung states in his theory is the idea of wholeness which is having both polarities of our life met. Carl Jung’s theory challenges much of Freud’s, but in some ways is similar. Jung gets more into man being more spiritual than sexual which is almost the opposite of Freud. The next psychologist that I will mention will be a social psychodynamic psychologist by the name of Alfred Adler. Adler was born on February 7, 1870 and Adler’s theory states that all of us are born with a sense of inferiority as evidenced by how weak and helpless a newborn is. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 4 By this, Adler was able to explain that this inferiority is a crucial part of our personality, in the sense that it is the driving force that pushes us to strive in order to become superior. In addition to the Inferiority Theory of Personality, Adler also considers birth order as a major factor in the development of our personality. He believed that first born children may feel inferior and may even develop inferiority complex once their younger sibling arrives. The middle born children, on the other hand, are not as pampered as their older or younger sibling, but they have a sense of superiority to dethrone their older sibling in a healthy competition. Thus they have the greatest potential to be successful in life. The youngest children may feel like they have the least power to influence other members of the family. Because they are often the most pampered, they may develop personality problems of inferiority just like the first born. He was much less of a pessimist than Freud was; Almost a complete opposite from Freud. Adler believed that society impedes humans. His view of the mind is much like Carl Jung’s, but instead of having the ego at the top he has the conscious at the top with the unconscious on the bottom. He felt that social interests drive motivation, which is an innate drive to be social and to belong. He also stated in his theory that mankind is dependent on others and their reactions and their acceptance which in turn leaves mankind very vulnerable. The main idea of this theory is that he feels that mankind is more social than biological. A great example ofthis would definitely be that in today’s schools there are cliques and clans of different people that feel that they are cooler or better and than the people who are not as popular do whatever they can to fit in with a certain group. Teenagers nowadays are probably the best example there is of Adler’s theory of social interest. Another part of Adler’s theory that he brings up is the idea of the creative self which he says drives us toward human nature. There are two parts to this theory and they are the superiority complex and the inferiority complex. First of all the superiority complex states mankind tries to better itself in order to overcome our weaknesses. The second part of this theory is the inferiority complex which is when society measures us up to their standards. This is when we begin to avoid our weaknesses instead of trying to overcome them. The next theorist is Erich Fromm who was born in Frankfurt on March 23, 1900 and he was a liberal social psychodynamic psychologist who was also a student of Freuds. He believes that man is innately good and society is the thing that corrupts him. He also feels that the conscious mind dominates over the unconscious. Fromm says man is a social creature and he believes that mankind has social needs. He says life is a struggle and society makes our lives difficult. Fromm feels that the four needs of mans’ social life are relatedness, frame of reference , identity, and transcendence. Relatedness is a basic need and it states that man needs to feel connected to humanity whether it be friends, family, or activities. It also states that man has to beinteracted with other in order to belong. The problems start when a person feels that they are not a part of something. Relatedness is probably the most powerful need. Frame of Reference are common ideas and beliefs of looking at the world. This is when we seek out a belief system or a value system. We receive our frame of reference from where we find our relatedness. Without frame of reference there is no meaning to life. Identity is the next out of the four needs of mans social life which is when you know who you are and what you stand for. With identity you have to establish your own uniqueness or identity. Recognizing differences in others help you to find your own identity. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 5 Next comes transcendence which is rarely achieved and this means to rise above societies conformities in order to be an individual. With transcendence there is a risk of losing your relatedness, and for this not to happen relatedness must allow you rise above society. A conflict of freedom and loneliness means that the more that we become transcendent the more we lose the relatedness. My last theorist to talk about is Erik Erikson, he was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902 . Erikson impacted psychological theories by expanding upon Freud’s original five stages of development. He believed that each person progressed through eight, and ultimately nine (added by his widow), stages of development throughout their lives. Erikson’s theories were founded on the premise that environment played a major role in self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity . His belief in the Life Cycle later won him a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. He was selected for the Jefferson Lecture and recognized for his achievement in the area of humanities. Erikson was best known for his impact on psychology through his theory on social development and his lengthy teaching career at prestigious institutions. Now after all my researching which has took me quite a while to get through cause there are so many sources to choose from ive realised that has psychodynamic theories have developed over the years our understanding of the human psyche has evolved and so as the effectiveness of the methods used by counsellors today. There is a negative side to this theory though cause some critics argue that psychodynamic theories are not falsifiable and therefore unscientific. In response to this criticism, proponents of psychodynamic theories point out that evidence does support some psychodynamic concepts. For example, research shows that there are unconscious mental processes, that people have mental representations of other people, and that people use unconscious defense mechanisms to protect themselves from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety. Other critics argue that psychodynamic theories are made by generalizing from a small number of patients to the whole human population. Relying only on case studies can lead to faulty conclusions. Still others argue that most psychodynamic theories are not based on studies that follow people from childhood to adulthood. Instead, psychodynamic theorists listen to descriptions of an adult patient’s past and draw conclusions about the relevance of childhood experiences however memories are not always reliable.

Property Law in the UK

According to Clout (2002), more and more unmarried couples are living together nowadays.   Clout (2002) added that although their relationship comparable in a lot of aspects to marriage, unmarried couples must be conscious that the law deals with them differently from married couples.   In addition, Dyer (2002) states that according to the Law Commission, unmarried couples essentially have no legal right to a share of their partner’s property and must be decisive to safeguard themselves.On domestic property, in England the courts have declined to acknowledge that domestic property must be handled in a different way from any other kind of property.   In general, Parliament has refused to understand and follow this politically sensitive issue (www.warwick.ac.uk).There is also myth about the common law wife and cohabitants.   As maintained by www. divorce.co.uk , there is a widespread belief that a thing like a common law husband or wife exists. Contrary to this belief, e ver since the Marriage Act of 1763, there has been no such thing as a common law husband or wife in Wales and England.This means that whether somebody lives with his/her â€Å"partner†, or â€Å"cohabitee,† the law still considers that there is no special relationship existing and that their relationship is not equivalent to the relationship of a husband or wife. Moreover, Dyer (2006) said that surveys reveal that majority of unmarried couples are not aware of their lack of rights.The Rights of Cohabitees if the Relationship Breaks DownNot like married couples, Law on the Web adds that unmarried couples or â€Å"cohabitees† have no fundamental rights to their partner’s property or to maintenance if the relationship ends.   Essentially, what is hers is hers, what is his is his, and what is jointly owned has to be apportioned.If the relationship between an unmarried couple ends, then their property rights are unaffected. The distinction between â€Å"his , hers and theirs† (or, indeed, between â€Å"his, his and theirs† or â€Å"hers, hers, and theirs†) is very real in this situation and each person is entitled to claim his/her own property.According to www.terry.co.uk, the situation of cohabitees is different. The property rights of unmarried couples continue to be precisely the same even after break up. This means that any property is still owned by its owner and that is typically the individual who paid for that property. Logically, there is certain room for argument over this but that is the prevailing standard and the courts have no power to disregard it.If  the parties are putting in inequitably or disproportionately to the maintenance or purchase price of the property, then this must be manifested by being specified as tenants-in-common and possessing unequal shareholdings (for instance, 60% and 40%), instead of the identical shareholdings of beneficial joint tenants (Law on the Web).Meanwhile, if the ot her party also contributed to the purchase price of the property, the courts are probable to acknowledge or recognize that in any case part of the property must have been in their name; and if there has been an agreement between the parties and the non-owner of the property has taken actions to their disadvantage accordingly (for example, paid household bills, contributed to mortgage repayments, or, maybe, sold their personal property) then the courts might possibly concur that they must share in the property.According to www.divorce.co.uk, if the unmarried couple splits up, the woman might be able to prove that she is unconstrained to a share in the house if she might be able to prove the following:(a) That she contributed to the price of buying the house. Even though if for instance she merely gave a 10% deposit that could signify she would simply be expected to get 10% of the net equity.(b) That she can prove or establish that the man promised her that the house would be theirs j ointly if she makes some contribution to the price of the house. It is more effective if she can disclose that the man put his promise in writing, even though it does not have to be a formal paper; actually, love letters can be sufficient. Moreover, the contribution should be practically important, for instance paying for the groceries and the dining set would probably not be adequate.(c) That in case there is no written document as an evidence, the woman might still be able to assert a share of the house if she will prove that she depended on the man’s promise to her and as a consequence she made a considerable contribution to what she assumed was going to be her home as well.The Case of Jane and AhmedIn the case of Jane and Ahmed, Jane can claim beneficial rights in the house due to the following: §   When Jane asked Ahmed that the house be transferred into their joint names, Ahmed assured Jane that in the near future when they get married, the house will be Janeâ€℠¢s too. § Because she depended on Ahmed’s promise, she undertook extensive gardening in the grounds of the house, redesigned the house to make it more homely, paid for some central heating to be installed, and helped build and pay for the extension of the house.Meanwhile, her share to the house will be calculated in terms of the contributions that she had made in the house.   In her case, she can claim the 25,000, which she spent for the extension of the house and the price that she paid for the other renovations made in the house.The Case of Rachel and TomWith regards to the situation of Rachel and Tom, Rachel could certainly claim beneficial rights to the house due to the following reasons:Even if the house is in the sole name of Tom, Rachel has a contribution to the purchase price of the house because her parents gave 10,000, which was used to help pay for the house.   As Montgomery (2005) asserts, the easiest way that the woman can prove that she is entitled to a sh are in the house is if she can prove that she contributed in the purchase price.Moreover, Rachel paid the installments of the mortgage loan of the house for a period of 12 months when Tom was out of work.   In the course of their relationship, Rachel has also supervised some renovation work on the house, subsidized the housekeeping and allowed Tom to pay less.Rachel’s share to the house will be calculated taking into account the amount given by her parents in paying for the house, the total amount of the installments she had paid for the mortgage loan, and the amount of the renovation and housekeeping she had paid out of her own money.A similar case to that of Jane and Rachel is the case of Elayne Oxley who was awarded a 100,000 share of her previous partner’s home although they were not unmarried and she made no financial contribution to the mortgage (Divorce-Online Ltd, 2004).   The court verdict said that Ms. Oxley is entitled to a 40% share of the property beca use even though she had not paid the mortgage she had contributed towards food and utility bills.Works CitedCompactlaw. (2006).   Unmarried Couples.   Retrieved from http://www.compactlaw.co.ukClout, Imogen.   (2002).   The â€Å"Which?† Guide to Living Together.   Which? Books.Divorce-Online Ltd. (2004).   Unmarried woman wins share of former partner’s home.Divorce Website.   The myth of the common law wife and cohabitants.   Retrieved from http://www.divorce.co.ukDyer, Clare.   (2002).   Property rights warning for unmarried couples.   The Guardian.Dyer, Clare.   (2006).   Unmarried couples to get new rights.   The Guardian.Law on the Web.   Unmarried Couples-Property Rights.   Retrieved from http://www.lawontheweb.co.ukMontgomery, Emma-Lou.   (2005).   The common-law wife – is there such a thing? MSN Money.Terry Website.   Cohabitees and their rights if the relationship breaks down.   Retrieved from http://www.terry.co. ukWarwick Website. (1999).   Domestic Property.   Retrieved from http://www.law.warwick.ac.uk

Effective Leadership - Crucial for Success - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2488 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Abstract Effective leadership is crucial for the success of any organization. The effectiveness of leadership depends on how well leaders influence the attitudes, behaviors, and values of others toward organizational goals. There are leadership skills that measure leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effective Leadership Crucial for Success" essay for you Create order But, a sense of humility is essential to leadership because it authenticates a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s humanity. Humility prevents excessive self-focus, and allows a leader to develop better relationships with employees. Humility is a trait that has been recognized as a critical aspect of an effective leader. And humility is not a skill and humility is coming from the deep of the heart. It should be developed in a person by practicing while spending more time on it. Showing humility is a not a sign of weakness. Arrogance can be the antidote to humility which has a slight difference from self-confidence. Introduction This answer is about how humility allows a leader to develop better relationships with employees in order to be an effective leader in an organization as said by Stanley Silverman. I realized that most of the time, people confuse humility as self-deprecation and confidence as arrogance. So, I studied these behaviours one by one and contrast the difference between them. Then I studied that how these behaviours affect to the effectiveness of a leader. Throughout the answer I discuss how humility can be used as the key to an effective leadership using relevant managerial concepts and examples. What is humility? Humility is simply the absence of pride and lack of arrogance. Humility helps a person to think about his abilities and his actions as no greater, and no lesser, than they really are. A humble person honestly assesses what are his talents, strengths, struggles and weaknesses. Humility is good for self-improvement. By remaining humble, a person can get more opportunities to improve. If a person can be confident, aggressive, and humble at the same time; she or he is a person with humility. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s completely possible to be confident and humble at the same time, without being prideful. Being humility is a positive trait of an effective leader. Humility cannot be manufactured, because it comes from the heart of a person, specially rooted in what a person thinks of other people. And being humble doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a lack of self-confidence of leader. It gives others a chance to explain their ideas. It may ends with more advance results than before. And humility is not a skill. Someone can act as a person with humility. But others may not feel it. Humility is coming with a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s moral values and ethics. It should be practiced as a habit may be since childhood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Humility is to make a right estimate of one-self.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ -Charles H. Spurgeon What is arrogance? Arrogance is the antidote the humility. Arrogance makes a person pride meaninglessly. Human nature being what it is, most of us find ourselves at one time or another believing we are better than the next person in some respect. But ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s just an opinion. It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t indicate that he know everything. But if a person goes beyond tha t he became arrogant person. And if a leader became arrogance it becomes worst because arrogant leaders are self-focused. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Arrogant people are more than willing to take credit for their successes, but not their failures.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  They take credit for the experiences of others. They blame others when their organization is failing without identify his/her faults. And arrogant person is an unwillingness to accept feedback. They think they are always right. Arrogant people believe they have the right to own others. Their business decisions are driven by ego. They are manipulative.And they are in always fear about others will overcome them. They always have a silent competition with their fellows. Humility vs. arrogance Humble makes a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s humility and pride makes a person arrogant. Humility helps to person to identify his weaknesses and develop them while arrogance blinds a person with pride. Arrogance is synonymous with insecurity; true h umility is synonymous with confidence. Arrogance divides peoples to levels while humility makes strong relationships with everyone. Person with humility always willing to learns but arrogant persons always think they know everything. Humility listens while arrogance talks. Humble leadersserveothers and arrogant leaders serve themselves. These quotes byLiene Stevens show how a person indicates his arrogance and humility by his words. Arrogance says, I am talented, roll out the red carpet for me. Humility says, I am talented and get to stand on the shoulders of giants. Arrogance says, Everything everyone else does is inferior. Humility says, Look at this community of talent! Arrogance asks, Whats in it for me? Humility asks, Whats best for everyone involved? Most of the time we can see people in higher levels are arrogant while people in bottom-line have humility. When a person climbs up the ladder typically arrogance also goes high. But effective leaders donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢t allow arrogance to become higher. They become more humble when goes high. Arrogance vs. self-confidence People like to work with leaders with self-confidence. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trait of effective leader categorized under a positive quality a leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality. But if a leader crosses the gap between self-confidence and arrogance people may have far less respect than being a self-confidence person. Confidence and arrogancedepend on how a person regards others.For example, five scientists who are collaborating on a project might all be the best at their subjects, but among the other four, perhaps no one has a real academic advantage. If one talks about him up would come across as arrogance. Arrogance doesnt actually come from being too confident, but from insecurity, a fear that if others succeed than him. Arrogance also linked with pride and selfishness.When a person dont want others to succeed, they are being selfish. Self-deprecation vs. Hum ility Its true that in order to be humble, we have to belittle ourselves. But self-deprecation isnt humility. Self-deprecation is lack of confidence about a persons own skills. Person with self-deprecations doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t believe in himself. They believe they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t become better. Self-deprecation can bring down a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s motivation and individual worth. Humility isnt thinking less of yourself, but less about yourself. Elder Dieter F. Uchtdorf Discussion How arrogance affect an organization Arrogance in the workplace is widespread. Workplace arrogance can have an impact on an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s morale and its bottom line. Arrogant behavior can make life miserable for subordinates and co-workers. It affects badly to the relationships between employees. Arrogance makes conflicts between employees. Arrogance affects to each type of communication; upward, downward, and horizontal communication. Silverman says that di fficult individuals in a superior position, isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t receptive to feedback. He suggests that best thing to do is make sure your role is very clear and emphasize the importance of the team and the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives. How arrogance affect to a leader Arrogance makes a gap between team and leader. It may result leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s key ideas not transmitting correctly to group members. And group members may not explain their ideas to leaders. Arrogance makes leader self-centered. Group members may have far less respect for an arrogant leader. It may result to have virtual-teams in a group. And leader doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a chance to get a feedback of his own. Leader will not have a chance to identify his weaknesses and develop them. The performance of leader will decrease and he will be disfavored among superior leaders. How humility affect to the effectiveness of the leader As a human skills Human skill is the managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member. This skill indicates the ability to motivate, facilitate, coordinate, lead, communicate, and resolve conflicts. When the leader is a person with humility it allows subordinates to express themselves without fear and encourages participation. Level of humility can be an indicator of leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human skills for the subordinates. As a leadership trait Traits are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, values, selfconfidence, and appearance. Humility allows a leader to encourage others towards their goals and promote others for their success, allow others to take decisions, acknowledging what others do. Therefore humility also can be categorized as a trait. Humility is also a distinguishing personal characteristic. We can see how humility is a trait through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Great Man approachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Nelson Mandela and George Washington are the genuine examples of great leaders with humility. Effective communication Humility helps to makes positive relationships with co-workers and employees. It helps every level of communication especially upward and horizontal communication. If a leader is humble it gives confidence to subordinates to express their ideas. Their participation will be encouraged. Humility is essential for leaders to get the full advantage of management by wandering around. It will help to leader to communicate his key ideas of follows and learn back their problems. Team-work Humility enhances the leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capacity in team working. Leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s humility helps to eliminate virtual teams, conflicts from effective communication. Leaders are acting dual role of a team; task specialist and socio-emotional role. To do the socio-emotional role leaders definitely need humility. If not, leader will not sense the problems of group members. And leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s humility will improve the diversity of a team. It will produce more innovative solutions to problems, enhance the level of creativity, and convert conflict that leads to decision making. Leadership Charismatic leaders and humility These leaders have an emotional impact on subordinates because they strongly believe in the vision and can communicate it to others in a way that makes the vision real, personal, and meaningful. They always think as a whole. They are not self-focused persons. They are full with humility to identify others needs and concerns. Steve Jobbs was a charismatic leader. May not be the case always. A charismatic leader may not always be humble. A charismatic leader may think that humility can make them weak in the eyes of his subordinates. Transformational Leaders and humility Transformational leaders are similar to charismatic leaders, but they are distinguished by their special ability to bring about innovation and change by recognizing followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and concerns (eg. Steve Jobbs, Bill Gates). They are humble to listen to follows and helping them look at old problems in new ways, and encouraging them. They inspire their followe rs to rise up and solve their own problems. Sources of power such as referent power are needed to become an effective leader. Referent power is personality characteristics that command subordinatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ identification, respect, and admiration so they wish to emulate the leader. Humility helps to leader to get the respect and admiration of his follows. It helps to get the referent power as an effective a leader in an organization. Path goal theory Pathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"goal theory describes how a leader increase followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivation and clarify the path to attain personal and organizational goals. There are steps in path goal theory increasing rewards through the route. Leader should be humble enough to appreciate his followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ success. If the leader is arrogant he will feel fear about his position when his followers achieve success. Humility is needed for leaders do these things practically. Workforce optimization perform ance Appraisal Work force optimization is implementing strategies to put the right people in the right jobs, make the best use of employee talent and skills, and develop human capital for the future. To do the workforce optimization leaders should be able to identify their own talents and weakness while examine others. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s done by using performance appraisal. Leader should be humble to consider their feed-backs by others to understand what his weaknesses are. And leaders should be humble to appraise the work of follows without being arrogance. It helps to optimize the workforce of an organization. Developing humility as a leader Here we can see how humility is importance for an effective leader. Yet the attribute of humility seems to be neglected in leadership development programs. But being humble is important to the leaders to rise through the ranks. How a person can change this? John dame and Jeffrey Gedmin (John Dame is CEO of Dame Management Strategies (DMS). Jeffrey Gedmin is CEO of the Legatum Institute) suggests six basic principles to develop humility as a leader. Know what you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know. Resist falling for your own publicity. Never underestimate the competition. Embrace and promote a spirit of service. Listen, even (no,especially) to the weird ideas. Be passionately curious. Conclusion Humility is the absence of pride. Humility is not a skill and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coming from the ethics and moral values of a person. Humility is a key to be an effective leader. There are other behaviours which confuse with humility. Most of the time people confuse humility as self-deprecation and confidence as arrogance. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important to identify the real meaning of humility from those. This study shows that how humility allows a leader to develop better relationships with employees in order to be an effective leader in an organization as said by Stanely. Organizations may get advantages by encouraging humility. Humility prevents excessive self-focus, and allows a leader to develop better relationships with employees. There are ways to develop humility in a person. Humility should be practised by taking time. References Humility vs. Arrogance: Which Wins in the Workplace? Available at: https://www.woodassociates.net/rap/search/pdf/rap%20newsletter%20september%202011%208_31_11.pdf .Last accessed: 04th May 2014. How to measure arrogance in bosses. ? Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news/how-measure-arrogance-bosses. Last accessed: 04th May 2014 Management(8th edition) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Richard L. 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